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(I) Level of Evidence:
Level I: Evidence provided by a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial with masked outcome assessment, in a representative population. The following are required:
• Primary outcome(s) is/are clearly defined.
• Exclusion/inclusion criteria are clearly defined.
• Adequate accounting for drop outs and crossovers with numbers sufficiently low to have minimal potential for bias.
• Relevant baseline characteristics are presented and substantially equivalent among treatment groups, or there is appropriate statistical adjustment for differences.
Ia: Evidence obtained from meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Ib: Evidence obtained from at least one randomized controlled trial.

Level II: Evidence provided by a prospective, matched cohort study in a representative population with masked outcome assessment that meets all of the above OR a randomized controlled trial in a representative population that lacks one of the above criteria.
IIa: Evidence obtained from at least one well-designed controlled study without randomization.
IIb: Evidence obtained from at least one other type of well-designed quasi-experimental study.

Level III: Evidence provided by all other controlled trials (including well-defined natural history controls or patients serving as own controls) in a representative population, in which outcome assessment is independent of patient treatment.

Level IV: Evidence from uncontrolled studies, case series, case reports, or expert opinion.

(II) Grade of Recommendation
Grade A. At least one convincing Class I study or at least two consistent, convincing Class II studies.
Grade B. At least one convincing Class II study or at least three convincing Class III studies.
Grade C. At least two convincing and consistent Class III studies.


°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
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  5. Gregory W. Albers, MD, Chair; Pierre Amarenco, MD;J. Donald Easton, MD; Ralph L. Sacco, MD; andPhilip Teal, MD: Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke, The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy,CHEST 2004; 126:483S¡V512S
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