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(I) Level of Evidence:
Level I: Evidence
provided by a
prospective, randomized,
controlled clinical
trial with masked
outcome assessment, in a
representative
population. The
following are required:
• Primary outcome(s)
is/are clearly defined.
• Exclusion/inclusion
criteria are clearly
defined.
• Adequate accounting
for drop outs and
crossovers with numbers
sufficiently low to have
minimal potential for
bias.
• Relevant baseline
characteristics are
presented and
substantially equivalent
among treatment groups,
or there is appropriate
statistical adjustment
for differences.
Ia: Evidence obtained
from meta-analysis of
randomized controlled
trials.
Ib: Evidence obtained
from at least one
randomized controlled
trial.
Level II: Evidence
provided by a
prospective, matched
cohort study in a
representative
population with masked
outcome assessment that
meets all of the above
OR a randomized
controlled trial in a
representative
population that lacks
one of the above
criteria.
IIa: Evidence obtained
from at least one
well-designed controlled
study without
randomization.
IIb: Evidence obtained
from at least one other
type of well-designed
quasi-experimental
study.
Level III: Evidence
provided by all other
controlled trials
(including well-defined
natural history controls
or patients serving as
own controls) in a
representative
population, in which
outcome assessment is
independent of patient
treatment.
Level IV: Evidence from
uncontrolled studies,
case series, case
reports, or expert
opinion.
(II) Grade of
Recommendation
Grade A. At least one
convincing Class I study
or at least two
consistent, convincing
Class II studies.
Grade B. At least one
convincing Class II
study or at least three
convincing Class III
studies.
Grade C. At least two
convincing and
consistent Class III
studies. |
|
 |
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm |
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Jiann-Shing Jeng,
Ti-Kai Lee, Yang-Chyuan
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